Transition Years

Wider Determinants of Health

Education and employment

A higher proportion of 16 to 18-year-olds in Stockton-on-Tees (9.1%) are not in education, employment or training (NEET) compared to the England average (5.8%%).

Behaviour and lifestyle

Alcohol misuse

A higher proportion of under 18-year-olds in Stockton-on-Tees (53.7 per 100,000) are admitted to hospital due to alcohol-specific conditions than the England average (42.7 per 100,000).

Illicit drug use

A higher proportion of 15 to 24-year-olds in Stockton-on-Tees (130 per 100,000) are admitted to hospital due to substance misuse than the England average (75.2 per 100,000).

Smoking

In Stockton-on-Tees, 18.2% of adults smoke regularly (approximately 35,000 people).

Sexual health

The teenage (15 to 17-year-olds) conception rate in Stockton-on-Tees (35.4 per 1,000) is higher than the England average (30.7 per 1,000).

A higher proportion of 15 to 24-year-olds in Stockton-on-Tees (43.2 per 1,000) have been diagnosed with a sexually transmitted infection (including chlamydia) than the England average (34.4 per 1,000).

Illness and death

Self-harm and suicide

A higher proportion of under 10 to 24-year-olds in Stockton-on-Tees (643.7 per 100,000) are admitted to hospital as a result of self-harm than the England average (346.3 per 100,000).

Mental health

A higher proportion of under 18-year-olds in Stockton-on-Tees (114 per 100,000) are admitted to hospital for mental health conditions than the England average (87.6 per 100,000).

Wider Determinants of Health

Education

Increase the number of young people in Stockton-on-Tees progressing to and remaining in education, training or employment from age 16 onwards. Ensure post-16 providers receive the ‘soft’ information about individual pupils which will help them to put in place effective pastoral support mechanisms. Improve pre-16 providers’ understanding of the qualifications and skills needed for post-16 progression.

Employment

Reduce the number of young people who are not in education, employment or training (NEET).

Tackle and improve employability and worklessness in disadvantaged areas

Behaviour and Lifestyle

Alcohol misuse

Reduce alcohol-related harm to young people, families and communities, through the delivery of sustained and consistent messages about alcohol consumption, to influence attitudinal change and create a cultural shift.

Reduce the availability of alcohol with a particular emphasis on sales to young people.

Substance misuse

Reduce substance misuse amongst young people through early identification and intervention

Smoking

Develop a comprehensive tobacco control strategy that includes the impact of smoking on children and young people and aims to prevent uptake.

Sexual Health

Reduce under-18 conceptions by maintaining efforts to reduce teenage pregnancy in the context of child poverty and health inequalities and focusing targeted interventions in specific areas.

Illness and Death

Self-harm and suicide

Develop a comprehensive understanding of self-harm and suicide and further identify levels of unmet need (building on existing local research and evidence).

Mental health

Undertake a needs analysis of the emotional health and wellbeing of children and young people

Wider determinants of health

Education

Young people are at greater risk of low educational attainment if they:

• Live in a deprived area;
• Have a family member who is unemployed;
• Live in a single parent family;
• Are a looked after child;
• Have a family member who has low educational attainment;
• Have a poor attendance record;
• Have a family member who misuses substances;
• Suffer from a mental health condition;
• Have a learning disability;
• Misuse alcohol;
• Use illicit drugs;
• Smoke.

Employment

Young people are at greater risk of not gaining employment if they:

• Live in a deprived area;
• Have a family member who is unemployed;
• Live in a single parent family;
• Are a looked after child;
• Have a family member who has low educational attainment;
• Have a poor attendance record;
• Have a family member who misuses substances;
• Suffer from a mental health condition;
• Have a learning disability;
• Misuse alcohol;
• Use illicit drugs;
• Are homeless;
• Are not in education, employment or training (NEET).

Behaviour and lifestyle

Alcohol misuse

Young people are at greater risk of misusing alcohol if they:

• Live in a deprived area;
• Have a family member who misuses alcohol;
• Have friends that misuse alcohol;
• Have a family member who is unemployed;
• Live in a single parent family;
• Are a looked after child;
• Have low educational attainment;
• Have a poor attendance record;
• Have a family member who has low educational attainment;
• Are homeless;
• Are involved in prostitution;
• Are a teenage mother;
• Use illicit drugs;
• Are not in education, employment or training (NEET).

Illicit drug use

Young people are at greater risk of using illicit drugs if they:

• Live in a deprived area;
• Have a family member who use illicit drugs;
• Have friends that use illicit drugs;
• Have a family member who is unemployed;
• Live in a single parent family;
• Are a looked after child;
• Have low educational attainment;
• Have a poor attendance record;
• Have a family member who has low educational attainment;
• Are homeless;
• Are involved in prostitution;
• Are a teenage mother;
• Misuse alcohol;
• Are not in education, employment or training (NEET).

Smoking

Young people are at greater risk of smoking if they:

• Live in a deprived area;
• Have a family member who smoke;
• Have friends that smoke;
• Have a family member who use illicit drugs;
• Have a family member who is unemployed;
• Live in a single parent family;
• Are a looked after child;
• Have low educational attainment;
• Have a poor attendance record;
• Have a family member who has low educational attainment;
• Are homeless;
• Are involved in prostitution;
• Are a teenage mother;
• Misuse alcohol;
• Are not in education, employment or training (NEET).

Sexual health

Young people are at greater risk of a sexually transmitted infection (STI) if they:

• Live in a deprived area;
• Are of black or minority ethnicity (HIV);
• Are aged between 16 to 24-years-old (STI);
• Are a man who has sex with another man (HIV);
• Have low educational attainment;
• Have a poor attendance record;
• Are not in education, employment or training (NEET);
• Are sexually active at an early age;
• Misuse alcohol;
• Use illicit drugs;

Young people are at greater risk of a teenage conception if they:

• Live in a deprived area;
• Have low educational attainment;
• Have a poor attendance record;
• Are a looked after child;
• Are not in education, employment or training (NEET);
• Are sexually active at an early age;
• Misuse alcohol;
• Use illicit drugs;

Illness and death

Self-harm and suicide

Young people are at greater risk of self-harm and suicide if they:

• Live in a deprived area;
• Have a mental health condition;
• Have a family member with a mental health condition;
• Use illicit drugs;
• Smoke;
• Misuse alcohol;
• Have stressful family situations;
• Are a teenage parent;
• Are a looked after child;
• Are involved in the youth justice system;
• Have a learning disability;
• Have a  physical disabilities;
• Have a serious or chronic illness.

Mental health

Young people are at greater risk of having a mental health condition if they:

• Live in a deprived area;
• Have stressful family situations;
• Have a family member with a mental health condition;
• Are in a single parent family;
• Are a looked after child;
• Have low educational attainment;
• Have a family member who has low educational attainment;
• Have a learning disability;
• Have a  physical disabilities;
• Have a serious or chronic illness;
• Use illicit drugs;
• Smoke;
• Misuse alcohol;
• Are a teenage mother;
• Are involved in the youth justice system.

Wider determinants of health

Education

Stockton-on-Tees has a higher rate of young people not in education, employment or training (NEET) than the England average (chart below).

Source: ChiMat - Child Health Profiles

Behaviour and lifestyle

Alcohol misuse

In Stockton-on-Tees, the proportion of under 18-year-olds admitted to hospital for an alcohol-specific has decreased over the last seven years but it still remains above the England average (chart below).

Source: LAPE (http://www.lape.org.uk/atlas/index.html)

Illicit drug use

Stockton-on-Tees has a higher rate of substance use among young people than the England average (chart below).

Source: ChiMat - Child Health Profiles

Sexual health

In Stockton-on-Tees, the conception rate of under 18-year-olds increase since 1998-00 but there has however been a year on year decrease since 2006-08 and remains above the England average.

Source: www.swpho.nhs.uk

Illness and death

Self-harm and suicide

Stockton-on-Tees has a higher rate of hospital admissions as a result of self-harm than the England average (chart below).

Source: ChiMat - Child Health Profiles

Mental health                  

Stockton-on-Tees has a lower rate of hospital admissions for a mental health condition than the England average (chart below).

Source: ChiMat - Child Health Profiles

Stockton Families Service Directory contains comprehensive information about local and national services and activities such as support groups, sports, money and benefits, drama and dance:

http://search3.openobjects.com/kb5/stockton/directory/family.page

Wider determinants of health

Education

Behaviour and lifestyle

Alcohol misuse

Sexual health

Illness and death

Self-harm and suicide

Wider determinants

Education

In Stockton-on-Tees, 45% of student left school in 2012 without 5 good GCSEs including English and maths.

Employment

There needs to be earlier identification of the sector-specific business needs for education and training to address any projected skills shortages.

There are insufficient training and work-based learning opportunities, i.e. apprenticeships.

Behaviour & Lifestyle

Smoking

As young people continue to take up smoking there is a continuing need to educate them about the harms of cigarettes and the benefits of not smoking.

Sexual Health

Dedicated sexual health services for young people are required to meet their needs.

Illness and death

Self-harm and suicide

There is a need for a ‘service pathway’ for those in transition between child and adult services.

Mental health

Due to the lack of a robust mental health needs assessment for children and young people it is difficult to assess what needs are unmet.

Wider determinants of health

Education

Fair Society Healthy Lives a review of health inequalities (2010); Sir Michael Marmot http://www.instituteofhealthequity.org/projects/fair-society-healthy-lives-the-marmot-review

The foundation years: preventing poor children becoming poor adults (2010); Frank Field http://www.nfm.org.uk/news/77-family-policy/486-frank-field-final-indpendent-report-on-poverty-and-life-chances

Employment

Neilson & O’Donnell (2012) approaches to supporting young people  not in education, employment or training a review http://www.nfer.ac.uk/nfer/publications/RSRN01/RSRN01.pdf

Behaviour and lifestyle

Alcohol misuse

Preventing harmful drinking (PH 24) (2010) www.nice.org

Alcohol-use disorders (CG 100) (2010) www.nice.org

School-based interventions on alcohol (PH7) (2007) www.nice.org

Illicit drug use

Drug Misuse: psychosocial interventions (CG 51) (2007) www.nice.org

Interventions to reduce substance misuse among vulnerable young people (PH4) (2007) www.nice.org

Smoking

School-based interventions to prevent smoking (PH23) (2010) www.nice.org

Preventing the uptake of smoking by children and young people (PH14) (2008) www.nice.org

Brief interventions and referral for smoking cessation (PH1) (2006) www.nice.org

Sexual health

Prevention of sexually transmitted infections and under 18 conceptions (PH7) (2007) www.nice.org

Long-acting reversible contraception (CG 30) (2005) www.nice.org

Illness and death

Self-harm and suicide

Self harm long term management (CG133) (2011) www.nice.org

Self harm (CG16) (2004) www.nice.org

Mental health

Depression in children and young people (CG28) (2005) www.nice.org

Social and emotional wellbeing in primary education (PH 20) (2009) www.nice.org

Wider determinants of health

Education

Most children and young people intend to embark on further study after Year 11 and to attend higher education. A notable minority are thinking about pursuing a work-based route (including apprenticeships).

Behaviour and lifestyle

Alcohol misuse

More than half (51%) of children and young people said that they have never had an alcoholic drink. About two-fifths (42%) said that they had consumed an alcoholic drink and 7% did not wish to say. The majority of all children and young people surveyed had not been drunk in the previous four weeks (68%).

Smoking

Most children and young people said that they had never smoked (77%). The minority of children (10%) said that they had only tried smoking once and fewer children (4%) indicated that they had stopped smoking.

Sexual health

The Added Power and Understanding in Sex education (APAUSE) questionnaire for children in year 11 (2010/11) showed that:

• Boys answered 78% of questions correctly;
• Girls answered 83% of questions correctly; 
• 65% of girls viewed their sex and relationship education as ‘ok’; and
• 75% of boys viewed their sex and relationship education as ‘ok’..

Illness and death

Self-harm and suicide

A study by Youthhealthtalks found that some young people felt that professionals (including hospital staff) were unsure how to handle self-harming or how to best help young people.

Behaviour and lifestyle

Alcohol misuse

More robust data is required to understand young people’s use of alcohol.

Illicit drugs

More robust data is required to understand young people’s access to illicit drugs.

Sexual health

Act on the results of the recently undertaken sexual health needs assessment.

Illness and death

Self-harm and suicide

There are hidden vulnerable groups where additional information is required.  These may include young carers and looked after children.

Mental health

Undertake a needs analysis of the emotional health and wellbeing of children and young people.